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Since the specific strength and specific modulus of para-aramid are 6 times and 3 times that of steel wire, and 2 times and 10 times that of high strength nylon, they can maintain normal levels in the temperature range of -200 ℃-200℃. Under the premise of the same tensile strength, the para-aramid skeleton material can greatly reduce the quality of rubber products and can be used in extreme weather conditions. The para-aramid has excellent low creep, fatigue resistance, low heat shrinkage and chemical corrosion resistance, which can significantly improve the dimensional stability and service life of rubber products.

Table 2 Comparison of Properties of Commonly Used Fiber Reinforced Materials:

Item	Para-aramid	Steel wire	Rayon	Nylon 66	Polyester industrial yarn
Density/g cm'³	1.44	7.85	1.53	1.14	1.38
Decomposition temperature(N₂)/℃	＞500	1600	200	255	260
Tensile strength/MPa	2830	2550	780	960	1150
Specific strength
mNtex'¹	1970	300	510	840	830
g·d	22.3	3.7	5.8	9.5	9.4
Initial modulus/GPa	80	160	18	6	14
Specific modulus
Ntex-¹	55	20	12	50	10
g·di-¹	600	220	140	60	110
Thermal expansion coefficient/10-.6°F	-2.2	3.7	-	-	-
Elongation at break%	3.6	1.9	13	20	13.5
Heat resistance（200°Cx48h)/%	90	100	20	45	55
Air dry heat shrinkage(160°C×4mins)%	＜0.1	0	1.0	3.8	5.0

[Ma Qianli, Liu Zhen, Lin Weihong, Huang Xiaoting “Development Status of Para-aramid Reinforced Rubber Composites Industry” www.iooroo.cpm]

Para-aramid is widely used in the reinforcement and protection of rubber products such as tires, conveyor belts, driving belts and hoses. Aramid filaments (original filaments) are usually not directly used for rubber reinforcement. They are twisted to improve the mechanical properties such as breaking strength and elongation of the fibers, and soaked in glue to improve the interfacial bonding properties between the fibers and the rubber. The aramid twisted yarn can be directly used for belt reinforcement after being soaked in glue. If used for the reinforcement of tires, conveyor belts or hoses, it also needs to be processed into cord fabric, canvas or mesh.

In addition, if para-aramid is processed into diffuse gum staple fiber or masterbatch and uniformly dispersed in the rubber matrix, it can reduce the endogenous heat of the rubber product, improve the wear resistance, and further prolong the service life.

Table 3 Commercialized para-aramid reinforced tire applications:

Tire dealer	Aramid mark	Tire brand	Enhanced parts	Auto brands
Goodyear	Kevlar	Fortera、 Wrangler	Silent Armor	Jeep
Michelin	Twaron	Eagle F1	Response Edge	Porsche, BMW, Ferrari
Dunlop	KevlarEE	Pilot Super Sport	Ceinture/ Belt	/
Pirelli	Twaron Kevlar	SP Sport MaxxTT	Sidewall	Aston Martin Ferrari Maserati
Continental	Twaron	P-Zero	Sidewall Cap Ply	Audi R8 Porsche 911 Tesla ModelS
Cooper	Twaron	-	Aralon350M Hybrid Cap Ply	/
Nokian	Twaron	ZLineSUV	Belt/Bead	Audi RS6
Bridgestone	Kevlar	Potenza	Aramid/Nylon Belts	Aston Martin Rapide FerrariF458

Technical standard for JF910A para-polyarylamide:

Scale	Unit	Index value
Nominal thickness	mm	0.05	0.08	0.13
Thickness	mm	0.055±0.007	0.08±0.01	0.13±0.015
Quantitative	g/m²	41±3	63±5	116±8
Longitudinal tensile strength	KN/m	≥2.7	≥3.3	≥4.1
Horizontal tensile properties	KN/m	≥2.1	≥2.7	≥3.3
Longitudinal elongation	%	≥1	≥1	≥1
Lateral elongation	%	≥1	≥1	≥1
Longitudinal tearing resistance	N	≥0.6	≥1.3	≥1.8
Lateral tearing resistance	N	≥1.0	≥1.8	≥2.4
Dielectric strength	kv/mm	≥15	≥15	≥15
Relative dielectric constant	/	≤1.5	≤1.8	≤2.1
Dielectric loss factor	x10-³	≤10	≤10	≤12
纵Longitudinal heat shrinkage@300℃,40min	%	≤2	≤2	≤2
Lateral heat shrinkage@300°C40min	%	≤2	≤2	≤2

Technical standard for JF912B para-polyarylamide:

Scale	Unit	Index value
Nominal thickness	mm	0.05	0.08	0.13
Thickness	mm	0.055±0.008	0.08±0.01	0.13±0.015
Quantitative	g/m²	41±3	63±5	116±8
Longitudinal tensile strength	KN/m	≥2.4	≥3.0	≥3.7
Horizontal tensile properties	KN/m	≥2.0	≥2.4	≥3.0
Longitudinal elongation	%	≥1	≥1	≥1
Lateral elongation	%	≥1	≥1	≥1
Longitudinal tearing resistance	N	≥0.5	≥1.1	≥1.5
Lateral tearing resistance	N	≥0.8	≥1.5	≥2.0
Dielectric strength	kv/mm	≥20	≥20	≥20
Relative dielectric constant	/	≤1.5	≤1.8	≤2.1
Dielectric loss factor	x10-³	≤10	≤10	≤12
纵Longitudinal heat shrinkage@300℃,40min	%	≤2	≤2	≤2
Lateral heat shrinkage@300°C40min	%	≤2	≤2	≤2

Technical standard for JF912B para-polyarylamide:

Scale	Unit	Index value
Nominal thickness	mm	0.13	0.18	0.25
Thickness	mm	0.13±0.03	0.018±0.04	0.25±0.05
Quantitative	g/m²	40±3	64±5	75±6
Longitudinal tensile strength	KN/m	≥2.1	≥2.6	≥3.0
Horizontal tensile properties	KN/m	≥1.6	≥2.0	≥2.4
Longitudinal elongation	%	≥1	≥1	≥1
Lateral elongation	%	≥1	≥1	≥1
Longitudinal tearing resistance	N	≥0.4	≥1.0	≥1.2
Lateral tearing resistance	N	≥0.6	≥1.4	≥1.6
Dielectric strength	kv/mm	≥12	≥12	≥12
Relative dielectric constant	/	≤1.5	≤1.8	≤2.1
Dielectric loss factor	x10-³	≤10	≤10	≤12
纵Longitudinal heat shrinkage@300℃,40min	%	≤2	≤2	≤2
Lateral heat shrinkage@300°C40min	%	≤2	≤2	≤2

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Para aramid fiber